RESEARCH TECHNIQUES AND METHODS

  13- P ROJECTIVE RESEARCH Definition Projective Research is a type of study that describes, analizes, compares, interpretes, and proposes solutions to a problem in a specific geographic and theoretical area. Its purpose is to prepare a settlement to tackle a greater need—one affecting a certain group of people and that considers the phenomenon evolution. Nevertheless, the problem is not solved because the final objective is to provide made-in-advance action schemes. Therefore, theory remains essential since it backs up the fundamentals of the investigation. Characteristics - It proposes yet does not apply the propositions in the subject matter. - It gathers analytical, quantitative, and qualitative data for the explanation of the current situation and provides countermeasures against the obstacles to good performance. - It considers upcoming needs to devise tentative plans. - This study emphasizes the relations between subject matters and their causes for those interactions will coord

  12- A CTION RESEARCH Definition Action research is a type of study that involves the investigator with the analyzed sample to look for weaknesses, causes of problems, or aspects to improve. Moreover, it inspects the profound explanation of the final results to give recommendations to better the current state of the sample. This study type usually follows the stages of planning, action, analysis, and conclusions to compile information. After a round of these stages finishes, another one starts with modifications to the investigation design to develop a sustainable condition. These alterations are on those who review the conclusions since they expose aspects unseen at first glance. Therefore, this study is also called Cycle of Inquiry.  Characteristics - The investigators are those in close contact with the participants, e.g., a teacher scrutinizing their class. - Statistics are not the end of the study, but the deduction inferred for enhancing the subject state - The cycle of investig

 SURVEYS📂📋 WHAT ARE SURVEYS?   Surveys are research tools that involve the systematic collection of information or data from a group of individuals or organizations. Surveys typically consist of a series of questions designed to gather specific information about participants' opinions, attitudes, behaviors, preferences, or demographic characteristics. Surveys can be conducted through various methods, including online surveys, paper-based questionnaires, telephone interviews, or face-to-face interviews. Surveys are widely used in academic research, market research, social sciences, public opinion polling, and other fields. They provide a structured and standardized approach to collecting data from a large number of respondents, allowing researchers to analyze patterns, trends, and relationships in the data. Difference between questionnaire and survey A questionnaire is a specific type of survey instrument that follows a structured format with predefined questions and response opti

10- DOCUMENT REVIEW Definition Document review is the recollection and examination of data sources for their later inclusion in an investigation. Such sources require print-out or electronical documents or files, which belong to internal or external organizations or programs, to ensure integrity and trustworthiness in them process. Characteristics Document review: - Ensures individual confidentiality for the sake of the participants well-being in case of sensible data. - Clarifies the existing documents available for the investigation. - Makes sure authour rights and copyright are respected for the files' utilization. - Exhaustively looks for answers to the research question(s), exiling any other data. - Specifies why such documents/ files were produced, giving an intelligible idea of their purpose. Main uses  Document review is used to: * Amass contextual information for comprehending circumstances and operational organization of the phenomenon's processes. * Compare formal s

  09- QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Definition: Qualitative research is a kind of study for real-world problems that avoids treating numerical data in pursuit of information from the  participants'  experiences, perceptions, and behavior. This study looks for the answer to the "why"s and "how"s, so the questions need open-ended responses that do not fall into numbers or percentages but statements. Characteristics: Qualitative research: - Uses opinions, points of view, and testimonies as fuel for the problem  description . - Considers the individual experience paramount to fulfill the investigation instead of the group perspective. - Deems reality interpretable as there is not a definitive fact. - Relies on interviews, focus groups, and observation (for example) to collect data. - Dodges categorizing information as it varies critically from each source.   Main uses * Interpretation of quantitative data for a deeper explanation of the results * Understanding of customer ne

  08- E XPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Definition Experimental research is a kind of study that requires two variables: independent (unmanageable) and dependent (manageable). The first determines if the second one happens or not. The goal is to prove a hypothesis or a method never essayed before by carring out an experiment under control conditions. The results are documented and then it is concluded whether the hypothesis was true or false. Another reason to apply the experimental research is to measure the replicability of a situation and/or how much it differs in between occurences. Characteristics Experimental research: - Controls the environment and conditions to which the dependent variable is exposed, frequently subjected to the independant variable. - The results of the investigation can be reproduced as long as the same factors are introduced in the experiment. - The same treatment is applied in all the attempts to verify the principles carrying the hypothesis are veridical. - Groups ar

  07- Q UASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Definition Quasi-experimental research is a type of study that follows tests in which the independent variable is manipulated and the groups for the experiments are chosen intentionally. This reduces the credibility of the independent variable being the cause of the incident as it suggests the hypothesis needs accurate manipulation of the elements to achieve a desired outcome. As the sample is selected according to facets, the design is called non-equivalent, for the groups do not have the same probability to be formed with whichever member of the population. Characteristics - The independent variable is manipulated. - The sample for the experiment is selected by design. - Their use is mostly seen in social research. - It cannot declare the causation of a general problem but a very specific one. Main uses * The feasibility of educational methods in small classrooms to check their impact on student grades * In determining sociopolitical forecasts durin

  HISTORICAL RESEARCH 📚📃 WHAT IS HISTORICAL RESEARCH?   Historical research is a systematic investigation and analysis of past events, people, societies, or phenomena. It involves the critical examination of historical sources, such as primary and secondary documents, artifacts, oral histories, and other forms of evidence, to understand and interpret the past. The primary aim of historical research is to reconstruct and explain the past by uncovering patterns, causes, and consequences of events, and to provide insights into the development of societies, cultures, and institutions over time.  CHARACTERISTICS🔎 Analysis of Primary Sources: Historical research relies on the analysis of primary sources, which are firsthand accounts or original materials from the period under study. These sources can include letters, diaries, official records, photographs, newspapers, or archaeological artifacts. The analysis of primary sources is essential for constructing an accurate understanding of h

05-  CHECKLISTS Definition A checklist is an instrument to verify if certain actions or conditions are met or occur during an event. The compliance of such parameters are valued through indicators reflecting the main points to answer the research question(s). Although they are widely applied in investigation, they are mainly employed during audits and QA (Quality Assurance) in search of optimal conditions and standards monitoring. Their format may con as printouts or digital files. Characteristics A checklist: * Groups related information from the authour's viewpoint. * Specifies what is expected to achieve after filling each item. * Can be altered to fit in the necessities of the investigation. * Is frequently implemented many times to observe the changes in the behavior of the subject. Main uses * To keep under control the aspect or operation the Checklist applies to * To maintain the order and entirety of procedures * To leave evidence of an event or standards that support the p

  QUESTIONNAIRES 📋📊 Questionnaires are a commonly used data collection tool in research and surveys. They consist of a series of structured questions designed to gather information from respondents. Questionnaires can be administered in various formats, such as paper-based forms, online surveys, or face-to-face interviews. They are used in both quantitative and qualitative research to collect data from individuals or groups. CHARACTERISTICS 📑 Introduction : The questionnaire usually begins with an introduction that provides an overview of the purpose and importance of the study. It may also include instructions on how to complete the questionnaire and assure respondents about the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses. Demographic Information: Questionnaires often start with questions to gather demographic information about the respondents, such as age, gender, education level, occupation, or location. This information helps to analyze data based on different participant